Phytochemical Investigation and in Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Panchavalkala Bark Extracts

Natural antioxidants have an important role in the prevention of many age-related diseases and promotion of health. Among natural antioxidants from plants, flavonoids and other phenolic compounds are potent antioxidants and chelating agents. Panchavalkala the barks of five trees i.e. Nyagrodha (Ficus benghalensis L.), Udumbara (Ficus racemosa L.), Ashwatha (Ficus religiosa L.), Plaksha (Ficus virens Aiton) and Parisha (Thespesia populnea (L.)Sol.ex Correa) are also known as Pancha Ksheeri Vrikshas in use since Vedic period. Barks of these trees are dried in shade and are used for different formulations (Pancha Kashaya Kalpanas), in different pathological conditions, especially as wound healing, gynecological disorders and etc. The plant samples were extracted using ethanol and water, and subjected for the phytochemical analysis. It was confirmed that samples contain many biologically active compounds like flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, alkaloids, glycosides and terpinoids etc. The marker compound of each trial drug and the quantitative analysis has been carried out by high performance liquid chromatography. The antioxidant study was done by using in vitro method 1, 1­-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The marker compounds caffeic acid and gallic acid were quantified in each extract for their quality and efficacy. PVK barks showed high free radical scavenging activity as evidenced by the low IC50 values in DPPH (EE PVK- 20.46µg/ml, AE PVK-37.79µg/ml, EE T.poulenea-22µg/ml, AE T. poulenia- 23.31µg/ml AE F. benghalensis- 25.53µg/ml, EE F. benghalensis- 26.23µg/ml, EE F. religiosa - 34µg/ml). Quercetin- IC50 value 4.026µg/ml is used as standard. The results of the study demonstrated that PVK barks possess phyto-constituent’s viz. tannins, flavonoids, polyphenols etc. and has potential antioxidant activity. Thus these barks have good therapeutic potential as natural antioxidant and might be used in life style related conditions like hyperlipidemia, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disorders and etc.

Bioactivity evaluation of least explored traditionally acclaimed medicinally potent herb Nanorrhinum ramosissimum(Wall. ) Betsche

Abstract Present study analysed the therapeutic potential of traditionally acclaimed medicinal herb Nanorrhinum ramosissimum, using plant parts extracted with different solvents (10 mg/mL). Shoot extracts exhibited comparatively better antimicrobial properties, in comparison to root extracts. Total phenolic content was estimated, to ascertain its dependency on antioxidant properties of plant extracts. Antioxidant assay revealed promising results in comparison to IC50 value of standard ascorbic acid (52.2±0.07 µg/mL), for methanolic extracts of shoot (61.07±0.53 µg/mL and 64.33±0.33 µg/mL) and root (76.705±0.12 µg/mL and 89.73±0.28 µg/ mL) for in vivo and in vitro regenerants respectively. Correlation coefficient R2 values ranged between 0.90-0.95, indicating a positive correlation between phenolic contents and antioxidant activity. Plant extracts were also able to inhibit DNA oxidative damage again indicating their antioxidative potential. Antidiabetic potential was confirmed by alpha amylase inhibition assay where shoot methanolic extracts (invivo, in vitro) exhibited the best IC50 values (54.42±0.16 µg/mL, 66.09±0.12 µg/mL) in comparison to standard metformin (41.92±0.08 µg/mL). Ethanolic extracts of roots (in vitro, invivo) exhibited the relative IC50 values (88.97±0.32µg/mL,96.63±0.44 µg/mL) indicating that shoot parts had a better alpha amylase inhibition property; thus proving the herb's bioactive potential and its prospective therapeutic source for curing various ailments.

Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Mitrella Kentii (Blume) Miq. Leaf Oil (Komponen Kimia dan Aktiviti Biologi Minyak Daun Mitrella Kentii (Blume) Miq.) / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

@#Chemical constituents and biological activities of the Mitrella kentii leaf oil were investigated in this study. Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to determine the chemical constituents of the oil. The oil was evaluated for its ability to inhibit prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2 ) productions in human whole blood using a radioimmunoassay technique. Its inhibitory effect on plateletactivating factor (PAF) receptor binding with rabbit platelets using 3 H-PAF as a ligand and its free radical scavenging effect on DPPH were also investigated. Caryophyllene oxide (33.8%w/w), E,Z-farnesol (6.9%), benzyl benzoate (6.5%w/w) and viridiflorol (6.5%w/w) were among the major components of the oil. Even though weak inhibitory activities were observed in both PGE2 and TXB2 assays, significant results were obtained in both PAF receptor binding inhibition and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging effect with IC50 value of 6.6 µg/mL and 155.6 µg/mL respectively. These promising activities warrant the development of the oil as an anti-inflammatory agent.

Free-Radical Scavenging Activity Leaf Extract Of Litsea Laevigata Gamble

Objective: In the present study, antioxidant activity in the leaf of the pet-ether, chloroform, acetone and methanolic extracts from Litsea laevigata Gamble. Leaf was investigated by employing established in vitro studies. L. laevigata belongs to the Lauraceae family. Methods: The capability of the plant extract to act as hydrogen/electrons donor or scavenger of radicals were determined by in vitro antioxidant assays using 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH.) scavenging, reducing power assay, superoxide radical (O2*-) scavenging activity, phosphomolybdenum assay, FRAP, ABT and metal chelating activity were performed to know the antioxidant potency of the plant extract of leaves of L. laevigata. Results: Results are evaluated higher in leaf extract of L. laevigata recorded total phenol, total flavonoid, and tannin. The present state of work was designed to evaluate the phytochemical, antioxidant in the plant leaf extracts of L. laevigata. The plant L. laevigata methanolic extract of leaf showed greater IC50 antioxidant activity of DPPH assay (5.264 µg/ml) and compare to other extract, higher phosphomolybdenum reduction (164.36 mg/g), better Reducing power activity leaf in methanol (0.711%), higher ferric reducing power (4060.66MmolFe(II)E/mg), and higher in superoxide radical scavenging activity in (78.12 mg/ml). However, the better metal chelating ability was shown by the water extracts of the leaf (5.145 EDTAE/100g) compared to other solvent extracts. Conclusion: The result indicates the total phenol and antioxidant activity potential of L. laevigata.

Efficacy Of Dapagliflozin On Oxidative Stress - In Vitro Study

BACKGROUND: Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia resulting either from deficiency in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. There is increasing evidence that excess production of highly reactive free radicals resulting in microvascular and macrovascular complications in diabetes. In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, antioxidants play a vital role to avoid this complications.In recent past, Dapagliflozin, a novel agent, an inhibitor of renal sodium glucose co- transporter 2 is being used to attain glycemic control. To know its pleotropic effect, especially as an antioxidant to prevent long term complications of diabetes mellitus, the antioxidant property of Dapagliflozin is evaluated by DPPH assay and scavenging of Nitric oxide Radicals. In this study it is compared against standard (ascorbic acid) and found to have significant Antioxidant property

In vitro evaluation of anti-acetylcholinesterase and free radical scavenging potential of leaf extracts of some selected medicinal plants

Objective: To evaluate the phytochemical present in various solvent extracts from leaves of Ocimum sanctum (L.), Swertia chirayita (L.), Butea monosperma (Lam.) and Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) as well as antioxidant and anticholinergic activities employing different in vitro models. Methods: Total phenol content of diethyl ether, chloroform and methanolic extracts obtained from leaves of different medicinal plants was determined by Folin-Ciocalteau's spectrophotometric method. Moreover, antioxidant and anticholinergic studies were conducted by four different in vitro methods which included diphenyl picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbezoline-6-sulphonic acid), reducing activity by ferrous reduced antioxidant power and anti-acetylcholinesterase assay, in order to ensure pharmacological potential of the plants. Results: The methanolic leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum showed the highest total phenol content which was (21.13±1.04) GAE/g DW and antioxidant activities compared to other plants with the IC

In vitro evaluation of anti-acetylcholinesterase and free radical scavenging potential of leaf extracts of some selected medicinal plants

Objective: To evaluate the phytochemical present in various solvent extracts from leaves of Ocimum sanctum (L.), Swertia chirayita (L.), Butea monosperma (Lam.) and Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) as well as antioxidant and anticholinergic activities employing different in vitro models. Methods: Total phenol content of diethyl ether, chloroform and methanolic extracts obtained from leaves of different medicinal plants was determined by Folin-Ciocalteau's spectrophotometric method. Moreover, antioxidant and anticholinergic studies were conducted by four different in vitro methods which included diphenyl picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbezoline-6-sulphonic acid), reducing activity by ferrous reduced antioxidant power and anti-acetylcholinesterase assay, in order to ensure pharmacological potential of the plants. Results: The methanolic leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum showed the highest total phenol content which was (21.13±1.04) GAE/g DW and antioxidant activities compared to other plants with the IC50 value of 40.43 μg/mL in diphenyl picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay and 53.5 μg/mL in 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbezoline-6-sulphonic acid) assay as well as metal ion reduced by (78.22±0.38) TE/g DW in ferrous reduced antioxidant power assay. The inhibition percentage of the anti-acetylcholinesterase assay was (94.22±0.26)％. Conclusions: The results of our current study show that Ocimum sanctum leaf is the most significant source of phytochemicals that possesses antioxidant and anticholinergic properties. However, further investigation on isolation and characterization of active compound which is responsible for the pharmacological potential is needed.

The Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Phytochemical Composition of Combretum tanaense (J. Clark) Root Extracts

Aims: To evaluate the antibacterial, antioxidant and phytochemical composition of Combretum tanaense extracts. Study Design: Laboratory-experimental design was used in this study. Place and Duration of Study: Fresh roots of Combretum tanaense were obtained from Mount Kenya University botanical garden in Thika (Kiambu County-Kenya). The study was carried out between November 2017 and February 2018 at Mount Kenya University Biochemistry and Pharmacognosy laboratories. Methodology: Duplicate voucher specimens were prepared and deposited at the East Africa herbarium housed at the National Museums of Kenya and Mount Kenya University herbarium. Extraction of total extracts of C. tanaense roots was conducted according to standard procedures. Agar well diffusion and 2-2-diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay methods were used to evaluate antibacterial and free radical scavenging activities of the extracts. All assays were performed in triplicate. Antibacterial data was presented as a mean zone of inhibition ± SEM while free radical scavenging activities were expressed regarding IC50. Phytochemical screening was carried out using standard procedures to ascertain the presence or absence of various phytochemical groups in the test plant. Results: The current study indicated that Combretum tanaense root extracts had antibacterial activities against the selected gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains. The highest activity was recorded against gram-negative bacteria (Haemophilus influenza) by exhibiting inhibition zones of 13.32±0.15 mm and 12.82±0.36 mm for methanol and water extracts respectively. Antioxidant activities for both methanol and water extracts were ten times higher compared to that of standard (L-ascorbic acid). The extracts were found to have saponins, phenols including tannins and glycosides. Conclusion: Extracts of Combretum tanaense have compounds that exhibit antibacterial and antioxidant activities. From the results obtained, the ability of the extracts to inhibit bacterial growth and scavenge for free radicals was due to the presence of phenolic compounds and will be attributed to the healing properties of this plant. This study recommends further studies including toxicity and isolation of active compounds for the development of products with pharmaceutical value.

Investigation on the in vitro antioxidant capacity of methanol extract, fractions and flavones from Oroxylum indicum Linn bark

ABSTRACT Antioxidants from natural sources hold high values regarding their indispensible roles in the development of nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic products. Oroxylum indicum L. is a common medicinal plant with a wide range of therapeutic properties, including a notable antioxidant potency that was reported, yet has not been subjected to more detailed studies. The present study evaluated the potency of Oroxylum indicum methanol stem bark extract, along with its hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol fractions, three flavones including baicalein, oroxylin A and chrysin using DPPH assay. In terms of IC50 values, the crude extract (65,48 µg/mL) exhibited moderate inhibitory activity which was as half potent as that of its ethyl acetate fraction (32,94 µg/mL). This fraction was also superior to the methanol and hexane fractions, as their IC50 were 57,19 and 137,95 µg/mL respectively. Remarkably, a yellow powdery sub-fraction consisted of isolated compounds showed powerful activity (32,89 µg/mL) compared to those of its components, revealing the intriguing effect of synergism while giving evidence for the theory of structure-activity relationship between some flavones and their antioxidant capability. Perpetual search for new radical scavenging agents in Oroxylum indicum is emboldened considering its partially exploited potential in this study

Identification of Antioxidative Constituents from Polygonum aviculare using LC-MS Coupled with DPPH Assay

A method for simultaneously identifying antioxidative compounds was developed using time-based LC-MS coupled with DPPH assay regardless of the time consuming process. The methanolic extract of Polygonum aviculare (Polygonaceae) showed significant DPPH radical scavenging activity. Time-based DPPH assay for simultaneous identification of active compounds from the extracts of P. aviculare was used. Major peaks of ethyl acetate fraction of P. aviculare showed high DPPH radical scavenging activity. A simple phenolic compound (1) and six flavonoids (2-7) were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of P. aviculare by silica gel and sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. The structures of seven compounds were determined to be protocatechuic acid (1), catechin (2), myricitrin (3), epicatechin-3-O-gallate (4), avicularin (5), quercitrin (6), and juglanin (7) based on the analysis of the 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and ESI-MS data. All compounds exhibited significant antioxidant activity on DPPH assay and active compounds were well correlated with predicted one.

Phytoconstituents and antioxidant properties among commercial tea (Camellia sinensis L. ) clones of Iran

Background Tea (Camellia sinensis), a well-known beverage is consumed frequently worldwide due to its high antioxidant properties. The present study determines the amount of phytochemicals and antioxidant activities among 12 high yielding tea clones cultivated in Iran. Results Among the 12 clones studied, tea clone Iran 100 had the highest total phenolic content and total flavonoid content with values of 8.44 ± 1.03 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram dry weight and 4.50 ± 0.16 mg rutin equivalents per gram dry weight respectively. High performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis of phenolics and flavonoids in 12 clones revealed the presence of (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin-gallate, (-)-epicatechingallate, gallic acid and caffeine. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay showed the existence of variation in the antioxidant activity ranging from 22.67 to 65.36%. The highest antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 218.24 µg/mL was observed in the leaf extract of the clone Iran 100, while the lowest was found in the clone Iran 482 with IC50 value of 234.44 µg/mL. The antioxidant activity had a positive correlation with total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, (-)-epigallocatechin-gallate, (-)-epicatechingallate and caffeine (0.59 = r = 0.97, P < 0.05). Conclusion From the study it can be concluded that the clone Iran 100 has a superior quality compared to any other clones studied due to occurrence of more phenolic compounds and a greater antioxidant activity. Hence, we recommend the use of tea clone Iran 100 for commercial planting.

Study of Physicochemicals Characteristics and Antioxidant Capacity of Cork Oak Acorns (Quercus suber L.) grown in Three Regions in Tunisia.

This study focuses on the valorization of the Tunisian cork oak acorns in minerals, bioactive compounds and antioxidants. It involved the study of physico-chemical characteristics of acorns from Quercus Suber. L, of three Tunisian northern regions: Sejnen, Nefza and Ain Drahem. The kernels and hulls of acorns were analyzed for their antioxidant capacity using DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The total phenolics, flavonoid and carotenoid contents were measured using standard methods. The multi-elemental analysis was performed by atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Acorns exhibit a degree of organic matter and moisture varies according to the region and part of the studied plant. The ICP analysis shows the abundance of cork oak acorns in calcium, magnesium and especially in potassium (6.942 g.kg-1). Kernels have higher polyphenol contents (66 - 77 mg GAE.g-1). The radical scavenging activity of methanol extracts of cork oak acorns shows that the Sejnan kernels have significant antiradical activity with an IC50 in the order of 6.94 μg.mL-1. Analysis of sugars in the fruits by HPLC revealed the presence of fructose, galactose, sucrose and maltose. This plant can be used as an inexpensive source of natural antioxidants and mineral supplements of food.

In-vitro Screening for acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition potential and antioxidant activity of extracts of Ipomoea aquatica Forsk: therapeutic lead for Alzheimer’s disease.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a primary degenerative disease of the central nervous system. The progression of Alzheimer’s disease will ultimately lead to dementia, behavioral and cognitive impairments. Increased level of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase AChE plays a key role in hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (ACh) which worsens the condition of cognitive dysfunction. Several drug of natural origin are known to possess AChE inhibition and antioxidant activity. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate AChE inhibition and antioxidant activity of the plant Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. Leaves of Ipomoea aquatica Forsk was extracted with Chloroform, n-Hexane, Ethanol and mixture of Ethanol: water (6:4) (hydro-alcoholic extract) using soxhlet extraction. All the four extracts were examined for In-vitro anti-cholinesterase by Ellman’s method and antioxidant activity by DPPH and Hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assay. Results obtained from the study clearly demonstrates that all four extract has shown promising acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity in hydro alcoholic extract reveals the best inhibition potential with IC50 49.03 μg /ml. Similarly all the extracts projects significant antioxidant activity in DPPH assay with IC50 value ranging from 19.64 to 88.63 μg /ml and in Hydrogen peroxide assay with IC50 value ranging from 56.79 to 137.3 μg /ml.

Synthesis and DPPH scavenging assay of reserpine analogues, computational studies and in silico docking studies in AChE and BChE responsible for Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fast growing neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system and anti-oxidants can be used to help suppress the oxidative stress caused by the free radicals that are responsible for AD. A series of selected synthetic indole derivatives were biologically evaluated to identify potent new antioxidants. Most of the evaluated compounds showed significant to modest antioxidant properties (IC50 value 399.07 140.0±50 µM). Density Functional Theory (DFT) studies were carried out on the compounds and their corresponding free radicals. Differences in the energy of the parent compounds and their corresponding free radicals provided a good justification for the trend found in their IC50 values. In silico, docking of compounds into the proteins acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), which are well known for contributing in AD disease, was also performed to predict anti-AD potential.

A doença de Alzheimer (DA) é uma doença neurodegenerativado sistema nervoso central, em rápido crescimento, e antioxidantes ajudam a suprimir o estresse oxidativo causado por radicais livres, responsávies pela DA. Avaliou-se, biologicamente, série de derivados sintéticos de indol selecionados para identificar novos antioxidantes. A maioria dos compostos avaliados apresentou de significativa a boa propriedade antioxidante (valor de IC50 399,07140.0 ± 50 µM). Eftuaram-se estudos de Teoria do Funcional de Densidade (DFT) com os compostos e os seus correspondentes radicais livres. As diferenças de energia entre os compostos protótipos e os radicais livres correspondentes proporcionaram boa justificativa para a tendência encontrada nos seus valores de IC50. O ancoramento in silico dos compostos com a acetilcolinesterase (AChE) e com a butirilcolinesterase (BChE), que contribuem para a DA, foi, também, realizado para prever o seu potencial anti-DA.

Comparison of Total Flavonoid, Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity in Leaf and Seed Extracts from White Holy Basil (Ocimum sanctum).

Ocimum sanctum, commonly known as the white holy basil herb belonging to Lamiaceae family is one of the oldest and popular medicinal plant rich in various phytonutrients and antioxidants. In this study, the comparative evaluation of flavonoids, phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity was carried out in methanolic extract prepared from O. sanctum leaves and seeds. The TAC, TPC, and the TFC were measured by ammonium molybdate, Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminum chloride method respectively. Antioxidant activity was also determined by using DPPH and FRAP assay. In response to the above assays, TACs of O. sanctum leaf and seed extracts were 25-248 and 0.011-0.109 μg AAE/10 mg of extract respectively. The TFC assay showed that leaf extract of O. sanctum (14- 225 μg QE/10mg extract) had higher flavonoid content than the seed extract (0.009-0.119 μg QE/10 mg extract) and the TPC assay in the leaf extract (4.49-9.31 μg GAE/mg extract) was higher than those present in seed (4.10-9.05 μg GAE/mg extract). In DPPH assay, % inhibition in O. sanctum leaf extract was determined in the range 18-76% while in seed extract it was 6-29% and in FRAP assay, leaf extract displayed reducing power in range 0.48- 5.50 μg FSE /mg extract while in seed extract it was 0.16-5.46 μg FSE /mg extract. It was observed that O. sanctum leaf extract had high total phenolic and flavonoid content in addition to antioxidant capacity as compared to its seed extract. Abbreviations: TAC: Total Antioxidant Capacity TPC: Total Phenolic Content TFC: Total Flavonoid Content DPPH: 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl FRAP: Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power

In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Crude methanolic extract and other fractions of Sterculia villosa barks.

Crude methanolic extract and other fractions of Sterculia villosa barks were investigated for their antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activity in this study. Antimicrobial activity of different extract was evaluated by measuring the diameter of the zone of inhibition against gram-positive & gram-negative bacteria and fungi using Ciprofloxacin as a standard antimicrobial agent. Free radical scavenging activity for the same extracts was determined by DPPH assay where BHT was used as positive control and Cytotoxicity was determined by Brine Shrimp nauplii where the minimum inhibitory concentration was assessed by serial dilution technique. Mild antimicrobial activity was found; crude methanolic extract showed effect against all the organisms, while other extracts showed effect for some of the organisms. The LC50 value for cytotoxicity assay was found 0.3, 2.95, 3.76, 35.33 & 55.98 μg/ml for CSV, PESV, CTSV, DCMSV & EASV extracts respectively where LC50 value of Vincristine Sulfate was 0.544 μg/ml. Ethyl acetate fraction showed good antioxidant properties and except Pet Ether fraction all other extracts showed considerable antioxidant activity. The bark of Sterculia villosa can be considered for further research for finding potent compounds of antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity.

Effect of Cosmos caudatus Kunth. (Ulam Raja) Aqueous and Dry Extracts on the Physicochemical and Functional Properties, and Sensory Acceptability of Herbal Yellow Alkaline Noodles

Introduction: Cosmos caudatus (Ulam Raja) is rich in phytochemicals and can be utilised in diet diversification strategies to improve the health of individuals. This study was designed to incorporate dry and aqueous extracts of C. caudatus for the preparation of herbal noodles. Methods: For this purpose, different proportions of dry extract (2, 4 and 6% dry extract) and aqueous extract (5, 10 and 15% aqueous extract) of C. caudatus were used. The physicochemical properties of noodles evaluated were pH, cooking time, cooking loss, texture and colour. Total polyphenol contents (TPC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay were carried out to assess the antioxidant potential. Lastly, sensory appraisal of functional noodles was carried out to assess consumer acceptance and marketability. Results: The results on physicochemical properties indicated that the pH value of noodles varied from 8.66 to 10.47. In terms of textural analysis and colour properties, firmness and greenness (a*) were higher in dry extract noodles. TPC varied between 115 to 149 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE/100g) whilst the highest DPPH free radical inhibition was exhibited in herbal noodles prepared using 4% dry extract (92.8%). In contrast, in terms of sensory appraisal, herbal noodles prepared with aqueous extract were more acceptable than dry extract noodles. Conclusion: C. caudatus can be utilised to prepare herbal noodles thus enhancing the dietary intake of phytochemicals especially antioxidants. Such functional foods can improve the health of consumers and offer the potential of protection against various ailments.

Antioxidant activity and chemical constituents of Moghania philippinensis / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the chemical constituents of antioxidative fractions in roots of Moghania philippinensis (Merr. et Rolfe) Li.. METHODS: The antioxidant activities of the extract and fractions were evaluated by determining their ability to scavenge DPPH radicals. The compounds were isolated by chromatographic techniques with silica gel, Sephadex LH - 20 and semi-preparative HPLC. Their structures were identified by analysis of physical and spectral evidence, and confirmed by comparison of their spectral data with reported values in the literature or those of authentic samples. RESULTS: The chloroform and n-butanol extracts showed strong scavenging activity against 2, 2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH). Twenty-one compounds were isolated and identified as palmitic acid(1), lupeol(2), β-sitosterol(3), 3', 4'-dihydroxy-trans-cinamic acid tetracosyl ester(4), 3-(4-methoxyphenyl) propionic acid(5), n-tetracosanoic acid(6), 5, 7-dihydroxy-6, 8-diprenylchromone(7), flemiphilippinin E(8),5,7, 4'-trihydroxy-3'-methoxy-6, 8-dipre-nylisoflavone(9), 6, 8-dipreny naringenin(10), 5, 7, 4'-trihydroxy-6, 8-diprenylisoflavone(11), pomiferin(12), 5, 7, 3', 4'-tetra-hydroxy-6, 8-diprenylisoflavone (13), desmoxyphyllin A (14), 5, 7, 2', 4'-tetrahydroxy-8-(1, 1-dimethylprop-2-enyl) isoflavone (15), 5, 7, 4'-trihydroxy-2'-methoxy-isoflavone (16), Ψ-baptigenin (17), formononetin (18), quercetin (19), genistein (20) and genistin(21), respectively. CONCLUSION: Compounds 1, 4, 6, 14-17 are found from this genus for the first time.

Screening of in vitro antioxidant activity of methanolic leaf and root extracts of Hypochaeris radicata L. (Asteraceae).

The aim of present study was to estimate the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and to investigate in vitro antioxidant potential of methanolic leaf and root extracts of the herb, Hypochaeris radicata L. (Asteraceae). Antioxidant activity was assessed by using 2,2- diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH•) assay, reducing power activity, [2,2’-azino-bis(3- ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] ABTS•+ assay and ferrous ion chelating activity. Here, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ascorbic acid (ASA), trolox and EDTA were used as standard antioxidants. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also determined and expressed in gallic acid and quercetin equivalent respectively. The results of the study indicate that the methanolic extracts of the leaf and root of H. radicata posses significant scavenging activity against DPPH• (97.99% for leaf and 96.44% for root at 250μg/ml each) and ferrous ions chelating activity (38.69% for leaf and 40.52% for root at 5000μg/ml each), reducing power activity (1.38 absorbance at 600μg/ml for leaf, 0.45 absorbance at 700 μg/ml for root) and free radical scavenging activity (ABTS•+) (2706.73 for leaf and 2028.37μmol for root TE/g). The free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities may be attributed to the presence of adequate phenolic (gallic acid content is 125.5μg/10mg in leaf and 133.06μg/10mg in root) and flavonoid compounds (105.76μg/2mg in leaf and 55.16μg/2mg in root). This study revealed that the methanolic extracts of both leaf and root of H. radicata has demonstrated significant antioxidant activity.

Studies on the antioxidant activity of actinorhytis calapparia.

In the present study, preliminary phytochemical screening and in-vitro antioxidant activity of aqueous and methanolic fruit extracts of Actinorhytis calapparia H.Wendl. & Drude was investigated. The antioxidant activity was studied by using in vitro antioxidant models viz., DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power assay. Both the extracts showed antioxidant activity by inhibiting DPPH free radicals and also showed reducing power ability in ferric reducing model which was a dose dependent. The IC50 value was found to be 15 and 26 μg/ml for methanolic and aqueous extract respectively. Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of tannins, steroids, carbohydrates and amino acids. The total phenolic content of the extract was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The total phenolic content observed for aqueous and methanolic extracts were 56 and 64.3 mg/g equivalent of gallic acid respectively.